Articles

Background. Modern education is a complexly organized system that is influenced by two opposing forces: modernization as a result of scientific and technological progress, and the preservation of the basic foundations of pedagogical thought. Education system is constantly facing new challenges, the solution of which is usually sought in innovations. However, the fundamental principles of education and upbringing, which form Russian pedagogy as an independent science and discipline, remain a potential resource for solutions, including those to modern problems. One of these areas is the shortage of qualified teaching staff in the institutions of school education. The difficulties of professional adaptation faced by young teachers at the beginning of their professional development are one of the reasons for this problem.

Objectives. The aim of this work is a theoretical analysis of K.D. Ushinsky's pedagogical ideas in the context of finding possible ways to overcome young specialists' problems of professional adaptation to pedagogical activity.

Methods. The main methods used in the work are the theoretical analysis of K.D. Ushinsky's pedagogical works, as well as modeling of the teacher's professional self-awareness based on the synthesis of the elements identified during the analysis.

Results. The article describes structural components of a teacher's professional self-awareness such as professional competences (knowledge in the field of didactics and psychology), a system of value orientations (humanism, traditionalism, and self-education). The main ideas of the implementation of pedagogical education, which contribute to the integration of a young specialist into the process of professional pedagogical activity, are presented.

Conclusions. K.D. Ushinsky's pedagogical ideas can be applied to the development of a pedagogical model of integrative personality quality, which determines teachers' readiness to carry out professional activity in modern conditions of the educational process. A pedagogical technology, which has a positive impact on the process of young specialists' adaptation to pedagogical activity can be developed on the foundation of these ideas.

Background. The focus is on the potential of Russian scientific school for shaping the linguistic worldview of students in Russian schools when teaching the Russian language. This scientific school was created by Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Mikhail Trofimovich Baranov. At the moment, the academic subject Russian language is considered from the ideological positions of socialization and personal identity, determining value priorities in the knowledge of Russian culture. The educational role of the Russian language as a meta-subject in personal development is being strengthened.

Objectives. The research aims at evaluating progressive ideas and trends in the methods of teaching the Russian language. Their importance in obtaining quality results in the educational process as well as positive connections between the scientific achievements of methodological scientists and the possibilities of their application in the present time are identified.

Methods. The study was carried out on the basis of a review of the works of the leader of the scientific school M.T. Baranov and analytical materials devoted to this scientist at different periods of time. A and analysis were carried out, assessing His contribution to Russian science is assessed in the analysis of selected publications of 2024.

Results. The personal contribution of the scientist, whose ideas are continuously enriched by his successors, is of great importance. The objectivity of the assessment is based on the basic principles of the scientific school of M.T. Baranov and the prolonged and multidimensional nature of research in the development of the teacher’s ideas in science.

Conclusions. The study has shown the potential of the scientist’s methodological heritage in a number of relevant issues: systematic study of the Russian language in secondary school, active attention to children’s speech, its enrichment and content, theoretical understanding of spelling methods, reliance on the traditions of cognitive-aesthetic teaching of the Russian language and speech.

Background. The need for reconstruction (and not modification, as it was previously done) of school mathematics education, due to the intensive development of information technology, requires the restoration of the foundations on which it is built. Discussions about what topic to include or exclude from a mathematics course based on arguments like “It is impossible to be an educated person without knowing...” on the one hand, or “Children cannot understand anything about...” on the other, clearly have no chance in obtaining productive solutions.

Objectives. This paper introduces a system of concepts and distinctions that provides the basis for solving the problem of constructing foundations for designing a school mathematics course.

Methods. The study involves problematization (transition from a problem situation to a problem formulation), methodological analysis of the problem, introduction of conceptual distinctions, construction of a system of relations between concepts.

Results. A distinction has been introduced between the content and contents of mathematical education — both as a process and as a result. It is shown that functionally (substantively) mathematics exists in culture as a system of mental means necessary to represent the relationships between conceivable entities in a particular science or field of activity. Accordingly, the content of the process of mathematical education is the mastery of these mental means and methods of applying them, and the content of mathematical education as a result is the possession of these mental means and methods for representing the relationships between entities of a particular nature.

Conclusions. It is shown that mathematics functionally acts as a system of mental means and therefore the design of school mathematical education should be carried out precisely in the logic of mastering mental means, and not “topics”, “objects”, “tasks”, “skills”, “knowledge”, etc.

In the second part of the article, a developed system of ideas will be used to specify, on the one hand, the tempo-rhythmic structure of the educational process, and on the other, to provide a logical justification for the initial part of mathematical education (arithmetic) as a process of mastering mathematical thinking tools.

Background. A particularly wide choice of approaches and methods are characteristic of modern teaching practice. The growing popularity of implicit teaching techniques based on the concept of learning without awareness of what has been learned, is a bright example of this kind of approaches. Implicit teaching stipulates a more conscious awareness of learners’ characteristics and teaching process conditions which might significantly affect the effectiveness of the approach application.

Objectives. The aim is to identify characteristics of learners, namely, Russian-speaking students of a non-linguistic faculty, which proved to be significant for successful acquisition of specific grammar material when implicit and explicit approaches were used. The focus is on the pedagogical tools contributing to the effectiveness of the approaches.

Methods. The article describes the experience of teaching syntactic structures fronting (structures starting with something else but the grammatical subject) to Russian-speaking students using implicit and explicit approaches. The effectiveness of the material acquisition was evaluated on the basis of two control tests. To determine students’ characteristics which proved to be essential for the effectiveness of the approaches, as well as the useful pedagogical techniques the methods of survey, experiment, comparison and analysis of the data obtained were used.

Results. The principles of leading international concepts concerning the use of implicit and explicit approaches in teaching a second language are considered. Educational materials aimed at students’ implicit acquisition of the targeted grammatical structures have been developed. Texts have been selected and adapted; exercises have been constructed to develop the understanding of the texts. Educational materials have been compiled for the explicit introduction of grammar. A survey was developed and conducted to identify factors that influenced the effectiveness of educational materials.

Conclusions. As a result of the research, it was found that the effectiveness of the implicit approach is limited by such students’ characteristics as a high degree of explicit instruction expectation, trust in this approach, and the habit of relying on the rule formulated by the teacher. The combination of the implicit approach with subsequent Guided Discovery strategies and noticing techniques has shown high efficiency.

Background. In modern conditions of building a sovereign national system of education, the development of domestic higher education, the task of implementing a pilot project, with participation of MPGU. This task actualizes the problem of the quality of training of teachers-psychologists not only for current, but also promising demands of the labor sphere in the long run.

Objectives. Based on synthesizing of effective experience in the development and implementation of educational programs for professional training of teachers-psychologists by the departments of the Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology of the Moscow Pedagogical State University, identify new approaches to the design of the educational standard of basic higher education and 5-year training programs.

Methods. The methodological basis of the research was the scientific concepts of the personal and professional development of the teacher by V.A. Slastenin, the theory of socialization of the personality by A.V. Mudrik, methods of analyzing normative, scientific and methodological sources and studying the needs of the field of work, modeling and designing educational programs for the training of teachers-psychologists were used.

Results. New approaches to the design of educational programs of basic higher education have been developed in accordance with the general standard of higher education of the Moscow Pedagogical State University in the field of "Psychological and pedagogical education". The models of combining specialist’s qualifications within the framework of five-year educational programs are proposed. The conditions for their effective implementation are outlined.

Conclusions. The article shows new approaches to the training of teachers-psychologists in the framework of a pilot project to improve the system of higher education in the Russian Federation, defines the principles of developing educational programs, resources and effective pedagogical technologies. The prospects for implementing the developed materials will be determined during the testing of the proposed model.

Background. The teacher is the key to the quality of education, as well as the key element in its development. The world is undergoing ever accelerating changes; accordingly, the function of the education system, which is to prepare students for life and work in the future world, is changing. Thus, the importance of the teacher’s role as an organizer and motivator of the learning process is increasing. This paper examines the figure of a teacher who is ready for changes and implements them. Students of teacher training programmes need to be prepared for this role. Changes in teacher training are equally necessary in the teacher training system both in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Objectives. The article formulates the foundations of the modern education systems for future school mathematics teachers. These foundations meet the new goals and objectives of mathematics education, associated with the changes in mathematics itself over the last century, changes in its role in the modern digital world, and changes in the world itself. The most important issue in the training of mathematics teachers is its continuity. It is necessary to teach the future teachers not only the main volume of teaching content, but also prepare them for the activities that will be taught to the student.

Results. It is necessary to organize training in such a way that from the very beginning of their training, future teachers would come to school and work with schoolchildren. At the same time, the solution of “do not know how” problems becomes the core of education. Digital technologies play a significant role in modern mathematics teaching.

Conclusions. Today, in any education system, the teacher’s attitude towards change as well as the readiness to accept, support and initiate it, is important. The duty of the modern teacher training system, both in Russia and in Kazakhstan, is to be ready for changes and to cultivate such readiness in students.

The article provides an overview of the history of the development of Russian language teaching in the PRC, highlighting the main stages and their features. It is noted that teaching the Russian language in the PRC has always been associated with the national strategy for training personnel for the socio-economic development of the country, that is, setting educational goals and developing curricula are always carried out taking into account the immediate future and long-term plans for the modernization of the country. Analysis of the changes that took place in the field of Russian-language education in China at different stages made it possible to rethink and generalize the accumulated positive experience and at the same time highlight the shortcomings and bottlenecks in the process of organizing the teaching of the Russian language, outline steps to overcome them and improve the Russian-language education system as a whole. Using the example of Harbin Polytechnic University (HPU), the main characteristics of a comprehensive model for teaching the Russian language to students of engineering and technical specialties have been identified.

Background. In the current situation, in terms of state policy priorities for the preservation and strengthening of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values, the need to increase and realize the potential of a classical university in the development of the civil and patriotic identity of future teachers increases.

Objectives. The goal is to identify the conditions for the development of civil-patriotic identity of future teachers, in which the environment of a classical university acts as a generator of students’ value-semantic consciousness.

Study Participants. The study is based on an analysis of the work experience of more than two dozen universities for the period from 2020 to the present and an analysis of modern research in the field of patriotic education (more than 50 dissertations) over the past decade.

Methods. Theoretical modeling, analysis of teaching experience and modern research were applied.

Results. Based on the analysis of teaching experience and modern research, the resources of university education that contribute to the civic and professional socialization of students have been identified. The result of theoretical modeling was a model for implementing a situational-event approach to the development of civic activity and professional orientation of students of pedagogical specialties. The conditions for the development of civil-patriotic identity of future teachers have been identified, in which the environment of a classical university acts as a generator of students’ value-semantic consciousness.

Conclusions. The educational environment of the university has significant potential for shaping the personality of the future teacher, including civic and patriotic identity. The personal development resources of the university are associated with the real involvement of its scientific and educational process in the technological progress of the country, which allows students to feel their involvement in the development of the scientific, technological and cultural potential of the Fatherland. The university environment actualizes the conditions for the development of the individual as a subject of social and professional creativity. The assimilation of values significant for Russian society, civil-patriotic and professional identification proceed in unity, which represents one of the specific educational resources of the university. The development of the personality of the future teacher, his civic and professional qualities is implemented on the basis of a situational-event mechanism, the essence of which is to saturate student life with the events in personal development

Background. In modern society, the training of teachers who are able to use the opportunities of the unified educational space of Russia in the educational process is in demand. The development of teacher education in this context requires, first of all, the development of methodological foundations for the training of teaching staff in modern conditions.

Objectives. In the course of the study, the tasks were set to determine the conditions for the training of a teacher who is ready and able to use the potential of the unified educational space of the country in his professional activity, as well as to determine the components of the system of professional training for teaching staff in modern Russia.

Methods. The methodological basis of the research is the conceptual idea about the educational space, the importance of teacher education in the transformation of life in modern society, as well as approaches to understanding the quality of education. The empirical sources of the research are the works of modern authors on multiculturalism, humanism, the systemic nature of the educational space, and its informatization. The research methods include analysis, synthesis, content analysis, interpretation, and generalization.

Results. Conceptual provisions concerning the preparation of teachers for professional activity in the unified educational space of Russia are formulated. It is shown that the effectiveness and quality of training of a modern teacher is ensured at the condition that the educational process is aimed at developing professional competence and a civil-professional position among teaching staff, ensuring the unity of subject and meta-subject competence is realized, and the prospects for the development of society in the training of teachers. The key components of an optimized system of professional training of teaching staff capable of fruitful work in the unified educational space of the country have been identified.

Conclusions. The key factors and conditions for the effective development of the teacher education system in the unified educational space of Russia are identified.

Background. The article discusses the issue of the psychological foundations of the content and methods of school teaching on the example of a mathematics course at primary school. Objectives. The study focuses on the pedagogical and psychological analysis of Ya.I. Abramson’s programme in mathematics, based on the theory of the gradual formation of mental actions and concepts by P.Ya. Galperin.

Methods. Theoretical analysis of publications reflecting the results of using the author’s mathematics programme in school practice.

Results. Based on L.S. Vygotsky’s ideas about the relationship between learning and mental development and the theory of the gradual formation of mental actions and concepts by P.Ya. Galperin, a scientific and psychological substantiation of Ya.I. Abramson’s original programme in mathematics for teaching primary schoolchildren is provided. The research also provides a brief description of the programme followed by a psychological analysis of the results of testing in Moscow schools. This educational programme has been shown to be highly effective.

Conclusions. The data obtained serve as practical confirmation of the effectiveness of training based on the third type of orientation and learning in the theory of P.Ya. Galperin. In addition, they clearly demonstrate the correctness of P.Ya. Galperin’s position on the need to highlight the subject matter of the area being studied from the first steps of school education, which, in turn, once again illustrates the heuristic potential of P.Ya. Galperin’s general psychological theory and the possibility of its application to various areas of social practice, primarily in solving educational problems.

Background. The study of the psychological aspects of the introduction of older preschoolers into mathematics is relevant due to the widespread early teaching of elementary mathematical concepts. This practice often not only does not help, but may even harm the further development of the child, since the methods used for this do not take into account the specifics of both the age-psychological characteristics of the preschooler, and the results of psychological research in the field of content, methods and means applied to formation of initial mathematical representations.

Objectives. The aim of the study was to analyze the comparative effectiveness of different types of sign-symbolic mediation in the formation of initial mathematical representations in older preschoolers with different levels of development of regulatory functions.

Study Participants. The study sample included 133 older preschoolers (6–7 years old).

Methods. To assess the level of development of regulatory functions, the NEPSY-II subtests, the “The Dimensional Change Card Sort” technique and L.A.Wenger’s “Schematization” technique were used. To assess the level of development of methodological concepts, a set of tasks was used for each of the three values — length, area, and volume.

Results. Significant differences were found between the increase in mathematical skills of children who studied using both sign and symbolic means as compared to the children fr om the control group. There were no significant differences in this increase between children who were trained with the help of model tools and the control group. In groups wh ere symbolic means or sign means were used, children with different levels of regulation learned with equal efficiency, but the level of regulation turned out to be critical when learning according to the most complex programme — using model tools.

Conclusions. The effectiveness of mastering the initial mathematical concepts in older preschoolers is primarily due to the nature of the learning content, which should ensure the rationality of children’s actions. However, the more complex this content is and the more complex symbolic means are used in teaching, the more requirements are placed on the level of development of children’s regulatory functions.