Articles

The article discusses the problem of using methodological approaches to the organization of situational-problem learning as a prerequisite for the formation of professional and critical thinking of future specialists. This issue is relevant at the present stage of development of the system of professional training of teachers. Historically and retrospectively, the author analyzes the Soviet and post-Soviet practices of using the capabilities of the case method. On its basis, a system of professional knowledge was formed, which in Soviet times was presented as a technology for solving specially compiled “pedagogical problems”, to which there are the only correct, pedagogically verified answers. It is shown that increased attention to the problem of using educational cases in the modern educational process is reflected in dissertation research at the beginning of the twentieth century. These studies were focused on solving specific problems at different stages of vocational education. The author proposes a new approach to constructing the content of an educational case as an attribute of a game-free method of active situational problem learning. The approach is based on the idea of an independent search for a solution to the problem on the basis of specially selected case materials, compiled according to the principle of “case in court”. Using the example of the educational case “Istanbul in the life and work of Martiros Saryan”, it is shown that universal information materials reflect documented segments of historical reality and have a cultural orientation. They can be used in teaching various academic disciplines of the humanities (history, psychology, cultural studies, pedagogy, etc.) and the natural science cycle (geography). It is noted that the use of training cases has a number of limitations associated with the expenditure of significant efforts to find interesting cases from practice and documents fixing them, which could become the actual basis of a training case

The article reveals the relevance of psychological support for students with disabilities and disabled people. In the new millennium, there is a trend towards a deterioration in the health status of the population. In most foreign countries and Russia, the number of students with disabilities and people with disabilities is steadily growing due to the deteriorating environment, a high level of morbidity and injuries. Therefore, for the social adaptation, rehabilitation and habilitation of students with disabilities in the system of higher professional education, new searches for ideas are required. In this regard, classes in adaptive physical culture are of particular importance in higher educational institutions. The methods of these lessons allow each student with a disability in a social environment to realize their creative potential, reach certain heights and fulfill their desires. The integration of students with disabilities in a higher school requires knowledge about the psychological characteristics of adaptation in society, the creation of conditions for the success of the individual, taking into account their individual characteristics. The work focuses on the introduction of psychological methods, which must be applied in a comprehensive manner, both before and in the process of conducting adaptive physical education. In conclusion, the importance of the joint activity of the AFK with psychophysical training, psychological support of students with disabilities is noted, which contributes to: the rapid achievement of the tasks set, their adaptation in the educational environment, the implementation of theoretical and practical skills, behavioral functions in society, binary influence in the classroom and in everyday life.

This article analyzes the experience of organizing and conducting educational work with future doctors at the first Department of Social Hygiene of the Medical Faculty of the First Moscow State University in Russia, which currently bears the name of its creator and its first professor, who was also the first People’s Commissar of Health of the Republic Nikolai Alexandrovich Semashko – the Department of Public health and health care named after N. A. Semashko. With the help of historical, analytical, logical and monographic methods, it was established that until the last decade of the last century, educational work at the department with students had an ideological orientation. Against the background of the changes that have taken place in our country, the approaches to organizing and conducting educational work with future doctors have changed. The main directions of its improvement in the educational organization are to increase the role of the teacher in conducting educational work, creating the necessary conditions for the implementation of the educational process, motivating students to observe a healthy standard of living and ethical principles of the doctor, involving them in the independent study of works of art about the activities of colleagues, timely informing and conducting extracurricular activities with students, etc..

In the modern world, characterized by the intensive development of information technologies, the digital transformation of education is an inevitable trend. China’s public schools have largely completed digital infrastructure and have made some progress in using information technology to improve the efficiency of general education. However, patriotic education in general education schools is clearly not sufficiently prepared for digital transformation, and some problems have been identified in this direction. How best to use the digital transformation of education in their work is one of the important questions to be solved by theorists and practitioners of patriotic education in general education schools in China.

The aim of the article is to carry out the analysis of the three unpublished critical reviews by A. K. Timiryazev professor of MSU Faculty of Physics. The above-mentioned reviews were discovered by the author of the article and are being introduced to the scientific discourse. The Course of Physics by professor V. A. Mikhelson, revised by a group of the leading physicists from the Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Science, and the textbook “Mechanics” by S. A. Khaykin professor of MSU Faculty of Physics is the subject matter of all the three reviews. The author of the articles gives a brief overview of each review. A close study of those critical reviews enabled the author to conclude that A. K. Timiryazev claimed that those scientists promoted and popularized idealism in Physics. Professor A. K. Timiryazev announced that the course of General Physics should be presented from the point of view of dialectical materialism, though he himself inclined to Mechanism. The author of the article attempted to answer the question why these reviews had never been published in the long run. To find an answer to this question the author suggests that it is necessary to treat A. K. Timiryazev criticism as an instance of rivalry between “university” and “academic” groups of physicists in 1930‑s – 1950‑s of XX century which strived for dominance. This rivalry took place not only at a purely scientific level, but also manifested itself in the issue of the contents of textbooks in General Physics..

The psychological and pedagogical competence is one of the key results of the preparation of masters in the oil and gas industry. The need for its formation is due to the specifics of the upcoming professional activities of graduates of the master’s degree, which on the one hand includes engineering and technical tasks, and on the other involves interpersonal interaction with employees, implemented using psychological and pedagogical methods and requiring proficiency in them. The relevance of the problem of forming this competence of students is considered in modern foreign and domestic studies. The methodological foundations of the formation of the competence under consideration, which provide an opportunity to update the psychological and pedagogical training of the future master of the oil and gas industry, are the target and activity approaches. The relationship between the goals and psychological and pedagogical methods of professional activity of future masters of the oil and gas industry is shown in the table. The article presents the methodological characteristics of the discipline «Modern psychological and pedagogical theories and methods in professional activity», implemented at the Orenburg State University. It involves the development of students of the installation, personal and technological stages, each of which includes practice-oriented tasks aimed at the application of these methods by students. The implementation of the installation stage involves the expansion of knowledge about psychological and pedagogical theories, awareness of the importance of the corresponding methods in the professional activities of employees of the oil and gas industry. The personal stage of the formation of psychological and pedagogical competence of future masters of the oil and gas industry includes the functional specification of the methods under consideration. The purpose of the technological stage is to characterize the use of a set of psychological and pedagogical methods in practical activities. The practical significance of the article is the possibility of using the methodology of forming the psychological and pedagogical competence of future masters of the oil and gas industry, which ensures the actualization of this aspect of the training of master’s students..

Vocational secondary education is a weak link in the Chinese education system. The low effectiveness of capital investments in its development shows the need to modernize professional training on an updated conceptual basis, that must be created with the involvement of scientific and pedagogical experts, representatives of the business world and manufacturing companies in innovative areas of the Chinese economy. The article analyzes the problems and tasks of the development of vocational education in the context of the goals set for implementation in China by the middle of the XXI century. The analysis suggests that such measures for the reorganization of secondary vocational education as the introduction of general vocational education standards integrated with international vocational training systems; strengthening and expanding the channels of interaction of educational organizations with business structures, enterprises, potential employers, etc., will improve the quality of education, increase the attractiveness of vocational education and provide the country’s economy with highly demanded qualified personnel.

The article from the perspective of interdisciplinary approaches of synergy and work psychology justifies the role of the self-organization of the teaching staff in increasing the effectiveness of the teaching and educational process. Some problematic aspects of the digitization of the school system are addressed. Among the problematic issues are the complexities of interpersonal interaction in the system «teacher – pupils», the design and efficiency of educational process in the digital educational environment, the problem of organization of inclusive education, and the problem of professional burnout and professional destruction of teachers, which not only complicates but makes it impossible to solve many pedagogical problems. As a solution to the problems associated with the organization of the training process in digital educational environment, it is proposed to increase the awareness of managers and researchers of the educational communities in terms of their self-organization, achieving an agreed level of performance with a common goal of joint pedagogical activities

The article examines the history and current state of special and inclusive education of schoolchildren in China. An overview is given of the legal and regulatory framework that governs the relationship between the subjects of inclusive education and reflects the State’s policy on inclusive education. Some of the challenges in training teachers to work in inclusive education were addressed. Such problems include the insufficient number of specializations in the training of teachers in higher educational establishments and the lack of theoretical and practical training of teachers in special and inclusive education for future professional activities. Areas of improvement of teacher training programs for inclusive and special education in China are indicated.

The Russian system of professional training of teachers at the present stage has ceased to fully satisfy the needs of the state and society related to changes in the format and forms of interaction between students and teachers, global digitalization and openness of the educational space. The system of teacher training in the Russian Federation is multi-stage and is built on the basis of taking into account traditional approaches and principles to this process. However, at the present stage, there is a digital transformation of society and the tendency to comply with regional characteristics and personnel needs is strengthening, which implies the creation of an updated regional system of continuous pedagogical education in the digital educational environment. The article presents a look at solving the problem of determining the methodological foundations of the formation and development of such a system based on the definition of innovative methodological approaches and principles for designing the content of education of teachers in institutions of higher and additional professional education. Methodological aspects of network interaction and mutual influence of subjects of the regional system of continuous pedagogical education are revealed and substantiated, taking into account the specifics of the use of digital technologies and resources and the peculiarities of regional development.

The organization of the specialized school’s activity is considered to be a particular scientific task aimed at finding the solution to consent the interests of society and the state within the Russian education system. The unstructured need of families in school, as a government organization that helps families to bring up healthy, smart, and happy children, was analysed. The transformation and decomposition of these needs were conducted based on the specialized school normative legal acts. The search for a solution to the coherent interaction between the students’ families and the specialized was conducted considering three essential aspects of the educational system: the increase of the amount of scientific information, the diversity of modern technologies, and the children’s development. A technologically, scientifically, and functionally competent teacher is subjected to be the basic decision of this coherent interaction. The need for the two-step teacher preparation with the required competencies at the Bachelor and Master programmes was substantiated.

COVID-19 is a dangerous pandemic, broke out in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The prevention of the spread of COVID-19 depends greatly on the consciousness of population, including the student force. The research results show that, the students of universities in Hanoi have a proper awareness, appropriate response in disease conditions, expressed in cognitive, emotional and behavioral aspects. Besides, some students still have subjective expressions, excessive anxiety and negative response behaviors. The results of study show important psychological bases, establish meaningful experiences to develop effective prevention and control copping strategies for COVID-19 and the pandemics like Covid-19 in future.

For the implementation of personalized learning is the most promising model of blended learning, where the development of graduate programs coexists along with the scientific mentoring, complementing each other, and aims to create a flexible skills necessary for the development of educational and personal potential of a student. Mastering the master’s program, research achievements and the formation of flexible skills are important indicators of the level of academic culture of undergraduates. The article presents the results of the study of the influence of reflexivity on the development of flexible skills of undergraduates on the example of their academic motivation and tolerance to uncertainty. According to the theory of self-determination, internal motivation (cognitive, achievement, self-development motivation), external motivation (selfesteem, introjected, external) and amotivation are determined for the diagnosis of academic motivation of undergraduates educational activities. The subscales of the methodology «Lack of tolerance to uncertainty» («Novelty», «Complexity» and «Unsolvability») reflect the sources of reduced tolerance to uncertainty. The results confirm the importance of developing flexible skills and specify the causal relationships between reflexivity and indicators of academic motivation and tolerance to uncertainty. It seems appropriate to organize special additional trainings for undergraduates on coping with uncertainty.

The article analyzes the problem field of the distance education system. To determine the popularity of distance learning in Moscow universities among teachers and students, a sociological survey was conducted, which allowed us to identify an increasing trend in the number of students who would prefer distance learning to traditional with a strict schedule and draw conclusions about the prospects for distance education in Russian higher education institutions. The article presents a model of the educational process in the distance learning system with a brief description of each block. The model includes all the stages that a student goes through when entering, studying and graduating from a higher educational institution before receiving a diploma confirming the appropriate level of education. Each of the blocks contains descriptions of the actions required to pass this stage, as well as recommendations for improving and extracting the maximum result for both teachers or educational institutions, and for the students themselves. Alternative options are provided if one of the stages is stopped or impossible to overcome. Conclusions are drawn, in which cases the presented model of the educational process is applied, and the prospects of distance education in General are considered.

The article discusses the issues facing the biological education of schoolchildren as a unique tool for the development of biological literacy of the individual and society, designed to ensure their preservation, safety and adaptation to various changes. Biological literacy is important for all age and professional categories, especially for so-called non-biologists, who are responsible for making biosphere – and socially significant decisions, but unfortunately do not possess it. It develops mainly in the process of learning at school. According to our ideas, we define three levels of its formation – academic, functional, and system. The last two levels are aimed at mastering knowledge and developing meta-competencies (cognitive, communicative, activity, value), scientific outlook and personal qualities in the process of mastering the subject. For its formation, we have developed a conceptual didactic system of training on an integrative basis. The practice of implementation in schools, universities and teachers ‘ professional development in the educational process has shown its effectiveness. It was submitted to the Commission on biological education of the International union of biological sciences at UNESCO, which initiated the development of bio-literacy in the world at the conference in Moscow (1997). The article analyzes the results of its own, as well as international studies (TIMMS, PISA 2015, 2018.; TALIS, 2018) problems of biological education in the formation of bio-literacy in a changing socio-cultural and ecological settings in recent years (biology and environmental challenges, digitalization of the educational environment, pandemic 2019–2020, etc.). They indicate the need for an early response from the educational community. Among them: the problem of reducing the educational time of mastering subjects of the biological cycle, which has a system-network nature. That leads to many interrelated consequences; lack of awareness of teachers in the real results of educational achievements of schoolchildren; replacement of biology lessons with other subjects; outdated content of biological subjects, and some others. Despite the unsatisfactory results in the formation of biological literacy and related meta-competencies, the latter are currently perceived by teachers as a secondary need. The article discusses the reasons that lead to such results. The issue of the content of biological education remains unresolved. We believe that training programs should be updated by including knowledge, for example, in virology, microbiology, immunology, epidemiology and other branches of biology, as well as translating the acquired knowledge into the practice of everyday life. Today it will be in demand among all categories of citizens. For the development of biological literacy, the process of mastering digital technologies is important, as a new means of learning and a vector of self-development, which requires the use of activity control by biology teachers and parents in practice. The results of the study of school childrens’ learning problems can be used in the modernization of biological education at all levels of education, including in improving the skills of teachers.